L8
Key Words:
evolution 進化;發展
Primates 靈長類
deceive 欺騙
deliberate 深思熟慮
deception 詐欺
acquire 學到 gain
cooperative 合作的
symptom 徵兆
autism 自我中心主義
utterance 話語
Witness (N.) a person who saw an accident or a crime 證人
Testify (v.) when someone testifies in a court of law, they give a statement of what they saw someone do or what they know of a situation. 作證
suitcase (n) 手提箱
legitimate: 合法（合理）的
mechanism 技巧
overboard 全心投入的
be tempt to 引起
fire alarm (n.)火警
consequence (n.)後果
Sake: Purpose; motive
lighthearted 輕鬆的.漫不經心的
exaggeration 誇張.誇大
swallow 吞嚥
rod 竿.棒.桿
alternatively 二者擇其一的
hoax 騙局.玩笑.惡作劇
peasant 農夫小耕農
dangle 懸蕩.吊.掛

Summary:
Primates develop the ability to deceive, but the deception is tied to language abilities.
Children are not born to know how to lie. When they learn language skills, they tell a lie as cooperative behavior. Some sufferers of autism neither lie nor totally know the lies of others. As for them, it is hard to take part in everyday life because it is probable that they take utterances at face value. It is acceptable if people told a lie reasonably because lying is a social survival skill in this society. The lie one talks about that if people ask how you are, but since you have been sick for all morning; your answer may be “fine”. Lie two is that when you buy something with a large bill because you may need the change for the bus fare or phone; however, the clerk ask that if you have smaller one, you will say no even if you have.
Lie three is that you are a witness of a car accident; however, in order to avoid being involved you will say I'm sorry, I didn't see it eventually. Lie four is that a thief breaks into your house and asks where the money is; you may point to your wallet and would not say there is a suitcase under the bed. The final lie is that when your friend is upset because she just broke up with her boyfriend and don't have mood in class, so when your teacher ask where is she, you may say she is sick instead of telling the truth. Avoiding an unhappy social situation is one of the most legitimate reasons for lying. People do not take responsibilities when they make mistakes. People just want to protect themselves. There are many bad consequences when people lie. Many people tell a lie for they own good; still, others may lie for no particular reason, just for fun.
If you had remembered to check if the fire alarm were working, the consequences of lying could be more serious. Sometimes people lie just for entertainment, and make fun of others. They just want to see how credulous the other person is. The way they do may be presented by jokes, tall tales or hoaxes.
A tall tale is complex and usually present by a involved story. And the teller did not care whether the listener believes or not. The other is hoax. Hoax is a kind of lie to a fool .It often with visual proof. In addition, if you make a trick on a special day, few people may recognize it quickly as an April Fools's Day hoax.

L.6
Pirate劫掠者
Terrorize: force sb. to do sth. by threat of violence.恐嚇,脅迫
動詞變化形: Terrorized; terrorized; terrorizing
In search of: find out sth.
cruelty:殘酷,殘忍[U]
terrifying害怕,恐怖的
myth : a story from ancient times, especially one that was told to explain natural events or to describe the early history of a people; this type of story 神話dismayed : feel shocked and discouraged 驚慌 ; 沮喪的
Prospect: the possibility that sth. will happen 希望
feisty adj 活躍的 ; 好爭吵的surrender v.投降,自首 = give up
take up with:開始與..交往
odd:奇特的
fabric:織品
pardon:原諒
piracy:剽竊
execute:將..處死
attempt to:嘗試
Valiant: boldly courageous; brave; stout-hearted: a valiant soldier
Captured: to take by force or stratagem
Predicament: an unpleasantly difficult, perplexing
Execution: the act or process of executing
Nunnery: a building or group of buildings for nuns
pillage(v.)搶奪；掠劫
strategist(n.)戰略家；軍事家
discipline : 紀律,風紀;教養
impose : 把...強加於[(+on/upon)]
behead: 砍...的頭,把...斬首
ruthless: 無情的,殘忍的 (adj.)
brute:殘忍的;蠻橫的
spare :饒恕,赦免;不傷害 (v.)
Summary:
It states there were the hundreds of women pirates in our history which people often overlooked. It may be a myth that one of the earliest women pirates appeared. Alwilda was promised in marriage to Prince Alf. However, Alwilda was discouraged that she decided to get away. She was dressed in men's clothes and sailed to the Baltic Sea with her female friends. Alwilda became the new captain on the ship of which had lost their captain and they had a battle with Denmark. Finally, the pirates give up and she decide to marry the Prince of Denmark and became the Queen of Denmark. Bonny made friend with John Rackham whose nickname is Calico Jack. He was a pirate, and his name came from the odd fabric in his pants. Bonny knew she would be executed because she tried to murder her father. After her last brave fight she was captured. After her friend John Rackman was hung she said she was sorry to see him in this awakward situation. However, he had fought like a man but he has to die like a dog. The paragraph ends talking about there was no record in what happened to Anne Bonny. Was she executed or did she escape execution to become a nun? Cheng I Sao was a woman who took in charge her deceased husband's piratic fleet which consisted of over 1500 ships that plundered the traffic on sea and towns from the whole Chinese coast to the far Malaysia. Cheng's battle plans and discipline were incredibly ruthless. She often used brute force and discipline as the punishments.

Unit5: Secret Codes
(1.)Summary:
Everyone always needs to share secret information and finds unusual methods to do. An ancient Greek king, for instance, had a message to another king tattooed.
Cryptography is the science of communicating in secret by encrypting and decrypting. The first known was used in Egypt when a scribe used standard hieroglyphics to encrypt.
Julius Caesar developed a transposition cipher in letters of the alphabet were moved alond by a certain number. And it called the key. This recipient need to know the key to decipher the message.
Another encryption is block ciphering and it is written in rows in a table--but is read in columns.
To make the code more difficult to break and it rearrangement of the columns.
Mary, who was Elizabeth's prisoner, used one of the most famous substitution ciphers. Elizabeth's principal secretary, suspected Mary was plotting with Anthony Babington to assassinate Elizabeth. Walisingham discovered a method to intercept the encrypted messages Mary was secretly writing to Babington.
In deciphering a secret code in English using a substitution cipher, the most common symbol is "e".
Book ciphers story of the curious ciphers in 1845 when a hotelier opened a box he had entrusted with Thomas Beale. There was no key to the numbers.
The American Declaration of Independence helped reveal some clues to the locations of the treasure. The document provide the key to the two other sheets of nimbers.
(2.) vacabulary
1. encrypt: change electronic information into a secret code加碼
2. decrypt: sent in the form of a secret code 譯(電文);解(密碼)
3. transpose:移位
4. assassin: someone who kills a famous or important person 暗殺者;刺客
5. intercept: stop and catch 攔截;截住;截擊
6. forge: make an illegal copy of something 偽造;犯偽造罪
7.hotelier: 旅館經營者
(3.)The Topic: Codes, Ciphers & Secret Messages
A code is a system of symbols, letters, words, or signals that are used instead of ordinary words and numbers to send messages or store information. A code is used to keep the message short or to keep it secret. Codes and ciphers are forms of secret communication. A code replaces words, phrases, or sentences with groups of letters or numbers, while a cipher rearranges letters or uses substitutes to disguise the message. The technology of such secret communication is called cryptology. Secret writing has been employed about as long as writing has existed. Cryptology has long been employed by governments, military, businesses, and organizations to protect their messages. Today, encryption is used to protect storage of data and transactions between computers.
(4.)Codes And Secret Messages Home Page
Word games and mathematical puzzles often center around codes and secret messages. But secret messages aren't just for fun and games, they're used all over the world, and in all kinds of circumstances. Governments and military organizations use them to keep secrets, websites use them to keep financial information like credit card numbers and bank account information secret. And everyone enjoys sharing secret messages with friends.
There are all kinds of codes you can use to communicate with friends. Some are very complex and difficult to decode, and others are very simple. Some use numbers and mathematics, and others use the alphabet, or pictures and symbols.
Not all codes are designed to keep secrets, though. Can you think of a code which was designed to send messages by telegraph, using sequences of short and long tones called dots and dashes?
Another system of writing looks like a code, but in reality is designed to help people who cannot see. The dots that make up letters are raised from the page so the blind person can feel them with the fingertips. Do you know what that system of writing is called?
Here at The Problem Site's "Codes, Decoding, and Secret Messages" site, you can learn more about a lot of different codes, and even try them out! Just click on any of the mysterious symbols at the top of the page to learn more about a code.
Some of the codes are complicated, and difficult to understand. Explanations of these codes are broken up into "Basic Exlanations", "Intermediate Explanations", and "Advanced Explanations". You should start at the top of each page and keep reading until you get in over your head. In each case, even if you don't understand the entire explanation, you can probably try out the encoder/decoder!
Source:http://www.theproblemsite.com/codes/

*Summary:
Everyday we are bombarded with lots of many new things and much of them com from advertisement or news. The most serious thing is that we don’t believe everything we read, especially on the Internet. Maybe it’s a scam. The common scam circulated as an email with involving a person who wants to give away money. For example, when the criminal has your bank information, they typed a letter to bank manager with your signature at the bottom. The letter is processed fast because it has your real signature and other information. By the time you find it, your money has gone. Then bank account and the email address were cancelled. Each of scam is difficult for government and the Internet services to take a regulation. Most problems are from World Wide Web. So, you shouldn’t believe everything you read on the WWW. The WWW is like a combination of the library, TV and radio and it is great for choosing many points of aspects on different subjects or topics. I think that it’s an indispensable factor for beneficial merits.
*Key words:
1. Bombard=torpedo=shell
2. Fraud=dishonesty=trickery=scam
3. illicitly=illegal=not allowed
4. Implausible (adj.) =incredible, implausibly (adv.), implausibility (n.)
5. endorse=approve=sanction
6. Regulate=plan=control=adjust=manage
7. Merchandise=goods
8. transact=deal
9. inquire about=question
10. Eligibility=quality=able to choose
11. genuine=real
12. unforeseen=unexpected
*Scam
1. The black money scam, sometimes also known as the 'wash wash scam', is a scam where con artists attempt to fraudulently obtain money from a victim by persuading him or her that piles of banknote-sized paper in a trunk or a safe is really money which has been dyed black (e.g. to avoid detection by customs). The victim is persuaded to pay for chemicals to wash the "money" with a promise that he will share in the proceeds.
2. A cardboard children scam is a scam in which young children, usually in groups of 6 to 10, carrying cardboard signs approach a tourist and make a loud scene by begging or screaming. The message on these cardboard signs are usually pleas, such as "Food please," and are intended to distract the tourist as the children remove any items from their wallet or pockets.
3. Employment scams, also know as job scams, are a form of advance fee fraud scamming where certain unscrupulous persons posing as recruiters and/or employers offer attractive employment opportunities which require the job seeker to pay them money in advance, usually under the guise of work visas, travel expenses, and out-of-pocket expenses.
4. Reloading scam, Reloading is a form of fraud, whereby a victim of one scam is repeatedly approached with more aggressive con artists, often until "sucked dry". This form of fraud is especially hurtful for senior people, because they are more susceptible to pressure after the first losses, partly because of hopes to recover, partly being psychologically unable to say "no" to a con man in time.

The first journal
1.Clichén. (名詞 noun) 陳腐的說法; 陳詞濫調: it comes from Franch and describes a clay mold.
In fact, you don't use it in writing, but it are usually used in conversation. It associates with bad detective fiction.

2. Body language:In our daily lives we encounter many forms of body language gestures, these are a few examples:
Stress: shaking of legs.
Lying: Face turned away, no eye contact, or looking to the left (fabricating information). Also wiping hands on pants to get rid of sweat or fidgeting with hands.
Aggression: Clenched fists, squaring of shoulders, stiffening of posture,tensing of muscles.
Anxiety: Massaging temples, different than normal breathing rates, hunched shoulders, nervous head movements.

3.Body language is a product of both genetic and environmental influences. Blind children will smile and laugh even though they have never seen a smile. The ethologist Irenaus Eibl-Eibesfeldt claimed that a number of basic elements of body language were universal across cultures and must therefore be fixed action patterns under instinctive control. Some forms of human body language show continuities with communicative gestures of other apes, though often with changes in meaning. More refined gestures, which vary between cultures (for example the gestures to indicate "yes" and "no"), must be learned or modified through learning, usually by unconscious observation of the environment.

4.wave one's hands 揮手 , clap one's hands 拍手 , shrug one's shoulder 聳肩 , raise one's eyebrows挑眉,cross one's fingers 食指與中指交叉--為某人祝福 , shake one's butt 搖屁股,stomp one's feet 跺腳, stand with one's arms akimbo 雙手叉腰站立, fold one's arms雙臂交叉

5.
*V字手勢源自於英國，因為V字在英文中代表了Victory,表達勝利的歡欣，用此守勢時須以手指背向自己，但在希臘則必須把手指背向對方，否則就表示污辱、輕蔑對方之意。
*搭便車〈豎大拇指，餘指握拳朝上，大拇指則朝向身體之右方〉這幾乎也快要變成世界共通語言：搭便車。但在希臘，此種手勢正如其他國家的豎中指手勢一樣。
*食指刮下巴這是法國特有手勢，尤其是女性對不喜歡的追求者表示拒絕的表達方式。因為在法語中剃刀與厭煩同義，所以巧妙地以刀手勢表達自己不喜歡的意思。
*OK手勢在大部分國家當中這也成為共同的世界語。以英文字母O和K連結而成。表示沒問題，一切就緒之意。但是在法國南部:OK手勢則表示零，表示某件事情根本不值得一提，表示不贊成之意。在中東以及非洲地區，OK手勢則象徵洞，有明顯同性戀的涵義。
*點頭搖頭絕大多數的國家都是以點頭方式表示贊同。但在印度、尼泊爾等國則以搖頭表示肯定，也就是一面搖頭，一面面露微笑表示贊成、肯定。

6.personality traits:
*bossy: this person couldn't have lots of friends and tend to lead. A bossy person might try to make many decisions in any time.
*competitive and cooperative: young boys wouldn't avoid competing while they are with others. But, young girls are more attention to cooperative. Both of them are opposite.
*enthusiastic: they attract lots of friends and interest in others who want to share ideas, times, and friendship.
*helpful: they have a cooperative trait and assist others with h.w. or trouble things. So they take advantage of merits to help friends as soon as possible.
*innovative: they look for new solutions to existing problems in challenging situations but they might frustrate if they reinvent others.
*romantic/thoughtful: they usually concernrd on ideas and are fun to be with. They think how can be more important than use less money at best.
*skeptical: they don't take things at face value and tend to be very rigid. Thet have many serious thinkers and love asking lots of questions to others.